Short-term Efficacy and Safety of Omidenepag Isopropyl 0.002% w/v Therapy for Patients with Primary Open-angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Purpose@#To analyze the short-term efficacy and safety of omidenepag isopropyl 0.002% (w/v) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. @*Methods@#Data on 36 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension treated with omidenepag isopropyl 0.002% (w/v) from January 2021 to May 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. We investigated whether the drug lowered the intraocular pressure (IOP) at 1 and 3 months compared to baseline. Possible side effects were sought at each visit. @*Results@#The mean patient age was 59.2 years at the time of treatment. Of the 36 patients, 33 had primary open-angle glaucoma and 3 had ocular hypertension. The baseline IOP was 15.9 ± 3.6 mmHg, which significantly decreased to 13.7 ± 2.8 and 13.4 ± 2.9 mmHg at 1 and 3 months, respectively, following instillation of omidenepag isopropyl 0.002% (w/v) (both p < 0.01). Twelve patients (29.2%) experienced side effects including hyperemia, ocular pain, and itching but only two (5.5%) stopped using the medication. @*Conclusions@#In the short-term, ominedepag isopropyl 0.002% (w/v) is effective and safe in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Analysis of Retinal Capillary Using Optical Coherence Tomographic Angiography of Unilateral Normal Tension Glaucoma

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to analyze retinal capillary parameters using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) of the affected eye and the fellow eye of unilateral normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients and compare the findings with eyes from a normal control group. @*Methods@#A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out on patients diagnosed with unilateral NTG (24 affected eyes and 24 fellow eyes each) and normal individuals (29 eyes, the control group). OCTA was used to measure the vascular density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) of the macular area and the peripapillary area. @*Results@#In the superficial capillary plexus, the fellow eye group of unilateral NTG patients showed a decrease in VD of the inner-inferior and PD of the inner-inferior and outer-average peripapillary area, compared with the normal control group (p = 0.008, p < 0.001, and p = 0.001). In the affected NTG eye group, the VD (p = 0.014, p = 0.011, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001) and PD (p = 0.017, p = 0.023, p < 0.001, p = 0.001, and p < 0.001) of the total, inner-average, inner-inferior, and outer-inferior peripapillary area, and the outer-inferior macular area decreased compared to the fellow eye and normal control group, as well as the VD of the outer-average peripapillary area (p = 0.010). The PD of the outer-average peripapillary area (p = 0.003); the VD (p = 0.041, p = 0.008, p = 0.006) and the PD (p = 0.013, p < 0.001, p = 0.001) of the total, inner-inferior, and outer-average macular area; and the PD of the outer-temporal macular area (p = 0.003) were lower than the normal control group. There was no difference in the VD or PD obtained from the deep capillary plexus of the macular area among the groups. @*Conclusions@#It is useful to observe retinal capillary parameters using OCTA for patients with unilateral NTG.

The Analysis of Retinal Capillary Network Using Optic Coherence Tomographic Angiogrphy after Acute Angle Closure

Purpose@#We evaluated changes in the retinal capillary networks of patient’s acute primary angle closure (APAC) who were successfully treated and who lacked glaucomatous alterations. @*Methods@#Twenty patients for whom unilateral episodes of APAC were successfully treated were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. At an average of 8 weeks after APAC, the thicknesses of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) were measured via spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Circumpapillary and macular vessel densities, perfusion density (PD), and the area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were measured with the aid of OCT angiography (OCTA). We compared the values between APAC eyes and the fellow eyes. @*Results@#We found no significant differences between groups in the thickness of any RNFL or GCIPL sector, or in the circumpapillary vessel or perfusion density. However, within a radius of 0.5 mm from the fovea (the center), the vessel and perfusion densities were significantly lower in affected than in fellow eyes (p = 0.003, p = 0.046 respectively). The vascular factors of other macular sectors, and the FAZ area and perimeter did not differ between the groups. @*Conclusions@#Early reductions in macular vessel and perfusion densities were evident after effective APAC treatment. Therefore, follow-up must evaluate whether the blood flow reduction causes structural damage.

The Analysis of Retinal Capillary Network Using Optic Coherence Tomographic Angiogrphy after Acute Angle Closure

Purpose@#We evaluated changes in the retinal capillary networks of patient’s acute primary angle closure (APAC) who were successfully treated and who lacked glaucomatous alterations. @*Methods@#Twenty patients for whom unilateral episodes of APAC were successfully treated were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. At an average of 8 weeks after APAC, the thicknesses of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) were measured via spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Circumpapillary and macular vessel densities, perfusion density (PD), and the area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were measured with the aid of OCT angiography (OCTA). We compared the values between APAC eyes and the fellow eyes. @*Results@#We found no significant differences between groups in the thickness of any RNFL or GCIPL sector, or in the circumpapillary vessel or perfusion density. However, within a radius of 0.5 mm from the fovea (the center), the vessel and perfusion densities were significantly lower in affected than in fellow eyes (p = 0.003, p = 0.046 respectively). The vascular factors of other macular sectors, and the FAZ area and perimeter did not differ between the groups. @*Conclusions@#Early reductions in macular vessel and perfusion densities were evident after effective APAC treatment. Therefore, follow-up must evaluate whether the blood flow reduction causes structural damage.

Retinal Capillary Network in Fellow Eyes with Unilateral Vein Occlusion Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

Purpose@#To compare the thickness of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) and the perifoveolar retinal capillary network between fellow eyes with unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and healthy control eyes using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). @*Methods@#Retrospective cross-sectional study including 38 patients diagnosed with unilateral BRVO and 37 control subjects. We investigated the thicknesses of the GCIPL layer using OCT, also the vascular density (VD), perfusion density (PD), area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) using the OCTA. @*Results@#Patients with unilateral BRVO had a higher incidence of hypertension. In the fellow eyes of the unilateral BRVO patients, the area and perimeter of the FAZ were wider and longer than for the control eyes. There was no significant difference in the GCIPL thickness, VD and PD between the two groups. @*Conclusions@#There is no significant change in the thickness of GCIPL between 2 groups, the fellow eyes of the unilateral BRVO patients have the larger area and longer perimeter of the FAZ instead. This means macular ischemia in the follow eye when the BRVO existed. Therefore, ischemic diseases should be carefully monitored in the fellow eyes of unilateral BRVO patients.

Comparison of Postoperative Refractive Outcomes after Phacotrabeculectomy and Phacoemulsification Subsequent to Trabeculectomy

PURPOSE: To compare the refractive outcomes in patients following either combined or sequential trabeculectomy and phacoemulsification. METHODS: Evaluation of the medical records of patients who underwent one of three treatment combinations on their eyes including combined phaco-trabeculectomy (47 eyes), a sequential phacoemulsification procedure, at least 3 months following trabeculectomy (33 eyes), and phacoemulsification alone (48 eyes). RESULTS: There were no significant differences among the three groups in characteristics such as age, sex, axial length, the postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) and refractive prediction error (RPE) at 1 week and 2 months post procedure. Significant differences existed between the three groups in terms of preoperative intraocular pressure, predicted SE, and the mean absolute error (MAE) at 1 week and 2 months post procedure. The proportions of cases with a RPE > 1.0 diopter (D) or <−1.0 D were significantly different between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between the three groups in terms of the MAE at 1 week and 2 months after surgery. With respect to the predicted SE, phacotrabeculectomy seems to be less accurate than the phacoemulsification alone. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the selection of the intraocular lens power.

A Case of Optic Nerve Head Swelling in a Patient with Primary Open-angle Glaucoma

PURPOSE: To report a case of masked glaucomatous optic nerve head damage due to acute swelling in a primary open-angle glaucoma patient. CASE SUMMARY: A healthy 21-year-old male visited our clinic complaining of blurred vision in the right eye for 1 week. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 60 mmHg, as measured by a Goldmann applanation tonometer. No specific anterior segment finding other than severe corneal edema was found on slit lamp examination. Maximum tolerated medical therapy was performed, and a further examination was done 1 day after the IOP lowering. No glaucomatous change in the optic disc or retinal nerve fiber layer was observed on fundus examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT), but the optic disc of the right eye was more hyperemic than that of the left eye. A superonasal visual field defect was also observed using automated perimetry. After treatment, the IOP was kept within the normal range using IOP-lowering eye drops. However, an inferonasal retinal nerve fiber layer defect was observed on fundus examination and OCT, and a superonasal scotoma was detected by perimetry.

Comparison of Inner Retinal Thickness between the Fellow Eyes of Unilateral Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion and Normal Control

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare inner retinal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between fellow eyes with unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and normal control eyes. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study including 59 patients diagnosed with unilateral BRVO and 51 control subjects. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, we investigated the average, 4 quadrant, and 12 clock-hour RNFL thicknesses and the average, minimum, superior, superonasal, superotemporal, inferior, inferonasal, and inferotemporal thicknesses of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) layer. RESULTS: Patients with unilateral BRVO had a higher incidence of hypertension. In the fellow eyes of the unilateral BRVO patients, 7 and 11 o'clock RNFL thicknesses were significantly thinner than for the control eyes. There was no significant difference in the GCIPL thickness between the two groups CONCLUSIONS: The RNFL thickness of the fellow eyes of the unilateral BRVO patients showed significant decreases in the 7 and 11 o'clock sectors (p=0.005, 0.017, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in the GCIPL thickness between the two groups. In the RNFL thickness analysis, the 7 and 11 o'clock sectors were found to be dominant locations of decreased RNFL thickness for the open angle glaucoma. Further, glaucomatous change should be carefully monitored in the fellow eyes of unilateral BRVO patients.

Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Glaucoma or Glaucoma Suspect

PURPOSE: To investigate depression and anxiety in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with glaucoma, 72 patients with glaucoma suspect and 26 controls comprised the study population. Anxiety and depression was evaluated by hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire. In this study, scores higher than 10 on the HADS-A and HADS-D were defined as anxiety and depression, respectively. The relationship between HADS and mean deviation (MD) of visual field tests or visual acuity of the better eye was analyzed in glaucoma patients. RESULTS: Three (11.5%) controls, 11 (15.3%) patients with glaucoma suspect, and 15 (20.8%) patients with glaucoma had anxiety. One (3.8%) control, 5 (6.9%) patients with glaucoma suspect, and 15 (20.8%) patients with glaucoma had depression. In glaucoma patients, the number of anxiety patients was higher in patients who had MD of less than -6 dB and the numbers of anxiety and depression patients were higher in patients who had visual acuity of lower than 20/40. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of depression in patients with glaucoma is higher than that of glaucoma suspect and controls. There is no significant difference between the three groups in rate of anxiety. Clinicians are advised to not only offer medical treatment but also should monitor for mood disturbances like anxiety and depression to ensure compliance and quality of life of patients.

Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Glaucoma or Glaucoma Suspect

PURPOSE: To investigate depression and anxiety in patients with glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with glaucoma, 72 patients with glaucoma suspect and 26 controls comprised the study population. Anxiety and depression was evaluated by hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire. In this study, scores higher than 10 on the HADS-A and HADS-D were defined as anxiety and depression, respectively. The relationship between HADS and mean deviation (MD) of visual field tests or visual acuity of the better eye was analyzed in glaucoma patients. RESULTS: Three (11.5%) controls, 11 (15.3%) patients with glaucoma suspect, and 15 (20.8%) patients with glaucoma had anxiety. One (3.8%) control, 5 (6.9%) patients with glaucoma suspect, and 15 (20.8%) patients with glaucoma had depression. In glaucoma patients, the number of anxiety patients was higher in patients who had MD of less than -6 dB and the numbers of anxiety and depression patients were higher in patients who had visual acuity of lower than 20/40. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of depression in patients with glaucoma is higher than that of glaucoma suspect and controls. There is no significant difference between the three groups in rate of anxiety. Clinicians are advised to not only offer medical treatment but also should monitor for mood disturbances like anxiety and depression to ensure compliance and quality of life of patients.

Effects of oral iron chelator deferasirox on human malignant lymphoma cells / 대한혈액학회지

BACKGROUND: Iron is essential for cell proliferation and viability. It has been reported that iron depletion by a chelator inhibits proliferation of some cancer cells. Deferasirox is a new oral iron chelator, and a few reports have described its effects on lymphoma cells. The goal of this study was to determine the anticancer effects of deferasirox in malignant lymphoma cell lines. METHODS: Three human malignant lymphoma cell lines (NCI H28:N78, Ramos, and Jiyoye) were treated with deferasirox at final concentrations of 20, 50, or 100 microM. Cell proliferation was evaluated by an MTT assay, and cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the relative activity of various apoptotic pathways. The role of caspase in deferasirox-induced apoptosis was investigated using a luminescent assay. RESULTS: The MTT assay showed that deferasirox had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on all 3 cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed that the sub-G1 portion increased in all 3 cell lines as the concentration of deferasirox increased. Early apoptosis was also confirmed in the treated cells by Annexin V and PI staining. Western blotting showed an increase in the cleavage of PARP, caspase 3/7, and caspase 9 in deferasirox-treated groups. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that deferasirox, a new oral iron-chelating agent, induced early apoptosis in human malignant lymphoma cells, and this apoptotic effect is dependent on the caspase-3/caspase-9 pathway.

The Clinical Outcome of Endoscopic Silicone Tube Intubation for Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction

PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical results and clinical effectiveness of silicone tube intubation through Hasner's valve under intranasal endoscopic guidance in children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO). METHODS: The present study enrolled a total of 58 eyes of 46 children over 12 months of age diagnosed with CNDO in the Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine from 2003 to 2010. Patients who had previously undergone ineffective probing or had a combination of an anatomical abnormality such as secondary nasolacrimal duct obstruction were also included. The silicone tube was intubated through the Hasner's valve and observed with intranasal endoscopy; tube retention time was planned for at least 12 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 20 eyes were previously probed preoperatively (mean 1.7 times). After the average follow-up period of 13.5 months, the overall success of silicone intubation was 57 of 58 eyes (98%). In one failed eye, nasolacrimal obstruction was already combined preoperatively, and unintentional tube removal by the patient occurred within one week. Silicone tube reintubation was performed after four months, and CNDO symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal endoscopic observation to ensure the passage of a silicone tube through Hasner's valve decreases anatomical injury. When considering patient age and former treatment, silicone tube intubation with intranasal endoscopic observation could produce desirable results with a higher success rate.

Optic Disc Atrophy in Patient with Posner-Schlossman Syndrome

A 32-year-old man with blurred vision in the right eye and headache presented with anterior uveitis, an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 60 mmHg, an open angle, no visual field defects, and normal optic nerve. He had a history of five previous similar attacks. In each of the previous instances, his anterior uveitis and high IOP were controlled with antiglaucoma medications and topical steroids. However, at the fifth attack, his optic disc was pale and a superior paracentral visual field defect was shown. Brain magnetic resonance image studies were normal. This case represents that a recurrent Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS)-induced optic disc atrophy likely due to ocular ischemia caused by a recurrent, high IOP. Although PSS is a self-limiting syndrome, we should manage high IOP and prevent ischemia of the optic nerve head by treating with ocular antihypertensive medications.

Clinical Features Associated with the Direction of Deviation in Sensory Strabismus

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical features associated with the direction of deviation in sensory strabismus and postoperative stability of strabismus angles. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 98 patients diagnosed with sensory strabismus who were treated surgically. Among the factors analyzed were sex, age, direction of strabismus, preoperative visual acuity, age at onset of visual loss, cause of primary sensory deficit, refractive error, age at operation, deviation angle at 1 and 6 months postoperatively and after at least 5 years. RESULTS: At baseline, 20 patients (20.4%) had esotropia and 78 (79.6%) had exotropia. Common causes of primary sensory deficit were corneal opacity (25.5%), vitreoretinal disorder (23.5%), and congenital cataracts (16.3%). The proportion of esotropia increased significantly as the refractive error of the sound eye became more hyperopic. The older the patients were when they lost their vision, the higher the proportion of exotropia. Patients with longer duration of vision loss were more likely to have a larger deviation angle with exotropia, but the association was not significant with esotropia. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sensory strabismus tend to develop exotropia. Refractive error of the sound eye and age at onset of vision loss were associated with the direction of strabismus. Despite poor sensory fusion even after surgery, more than 50% of patients maintained a stable eye position.

Comparison of Surgical Outcomes between Trabeculectomy and Aqueous Shunt Surgery in Patients with Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome

PURPOSE: To compare surgical outcomes and corneal endothelial cell densities in patients with glaucoma secondary to iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome who underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C (MMC) versus those who underwent Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV) implantation. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with ICE syndrome who underwent either trabeculectomy with MMC or AGV implantation were included in this study. All patients had more than 12 months of follow-up after glaucoma surgery. Intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity (VA) and corneal endothelial cell density were compared according to the method of surgery. RESULTS: Ten eyes had undergone a trabeculectomy with MMC, and 11 eyes had an AGV implantation. In eyes that underwent a trabeculectomy with a MMC, there were no statistically significant differences between preoperative and postoperative month 12 in IOP, VA or corneal endothelial cell density. In eyes that underwent AGV implantation, postoperative IOP, VA and corneal endothelial cell density were statistically significantly lower than the preoperative values. CONCLUSIONS: When determining the method of glaucoma surgery in patients with ICE syndrome, the additional procedures needed to maintain the surgical success of trabeculectomy with MMC and the corneal decompensation which is caused by a decrease in corneal endothelial cell density after AGV implantation should be considered.

A Case of Primary Orbital Synovial Sarcoma

PURPOSE: To report a rare case of primary orbital synovial sarcoma. CASE SUMMARY: A 55-year-old male visited our clinic with a 2-month history of decreased visual field in the left eye. The best corrected visual acuity of the left eye was 1.0, and 2.5 mm of proptosis was observed. There was slight limitations in motility and a mild visual field defect in the inferotemporal quadrant of the left eye. Funduscopic examination of the left eye revealed papilledema. Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the presence of an orbital mass that extended inferotemporally into the left orbit. On magnetic resonance imaging, a well-demarcated and 2.7 x 2.0 x 2.2 cm sized tumor was identified with intermediate signal intensities on T1/T2-weighted scans with slight homogenous enhancement. We approached the orbital mass using a lateral conjunctival incision with left canthotomy and cantholysis and performed partial surgical resection of the mass because the mass encircled the optic nerve. The mass was diagnosed as synovial sarcoma based on the findings of both histopathology and immunohistochemical staining. Postoperatively, the patient underwent radiation therapy to the rest of the tumor site. CONCLUSIONS: Synovial sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an orbital mass lesion encircling the optic nerve. Radiation therapy is useful to treat completely unresectable primary synovial sarcoma.

Combined Treatment of Photodynamic Therapy and Bevacizumab for Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of a combined photodynamic therapy and intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was administered to 28 eyes followed by 3 consecutive bevacizumab injections. Patients were followed-up for more than 12 months. At baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post PDT, visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness were measured using optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: The mean VA was significantly improved from logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution 0.86 at baseline to 0.69 at 1 month (p = 0.011), 0.63 at 3 months (p = 0.003), 0.64 at 6 months (p = 0.004) and 0.60 at 12 months (p < 0.001). Central macular thickness decreased significantly from 328.3 microm at baseline to 230.0 microm at 6 months and 229.9 microm at 1 year (p < 0.001). Reinjection mean number was 0.4 for 6 months and 0.8 for 12 months. By 1 year, retreatment was performed in 10 eyes (36%). CONCLUSIONS: PDT combined with three consecutive intraviteal bevacizumab injections was effective in improving VA and reducing central macular thickness.

Ophthalmologic Findings of Boucher-Neuhauser Syndrome

To report a case of Boucher-Neuhauser syndrome, which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the triad of spinocerebellar ataxia, chorioretinal dystrophy, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. An 18-year-old man was seen for visual problems, which had been diagnosed as retinitis pigmentosa at the age of 12 years. His puberty was delayed. At 16 years of age, the patient experienced progressive deterioration of his balance and gait disturbance. Then he was referred to our clinic because Boucher-Neuhauser syndrome was suspected. He had no specific family history; his visual acuity was 0.04 in both eyes. We observed broad retinal pigment epithelium atrophy and degeneration in both fundi. Both fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography showed choriocapillaris atrophy in the posterior pole area and midperiphery. Macular optical coherence tomography showed thinning of the neurosensory retina. An electroretinographic examination showed no photopic or scotopic responses. The Boucher-Neuhauser syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients with retinitis pigment epithelium atrophy and degeneration.

Anatomical Evaluation of Extraocular Muscles and Relationships Among Macula and Optic Nerve in Enucleated Eye

PURPOSE: To make an anatomical evaluation of extraocular muscles, macular and optic nerve in enucleated eyes of live subjects and to compare the results with a previous autopsy study. METHODS: Twenty-four surgically enucleated eyes were studied. The distance from the limbus to the muscle insertion site, muscle width, and the distance between muscle insertion sites were measured and compared with an Apt study. After an incision through the eyeball, a 26-gauge needle was passed perpendicularly through the macula to the sclera. We measured the distances between the oblique muscles and the macula and optic nerves from an external site of the eyeball. RESULTS: The distance from the limbus to the muscle insertion site showed a significant difference in the superior and inferior rectus muscle. All measurements of muscle widths were significantly narrower than those of autopsy studies. The distances between the muscles were significantly closer between the lateral and superior muscles and between the superior and medial rectus muscles. From the optic nerve to the muscle was 3.99+/-0.62 mm, to the superior oblique muscle was 7.89+/-0.88 mm, to the inferior oblique muscle was 5.95+/-0.83 mm, and the macula to the inferior oblique muscle was 1.35+/-0.42 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Since most of the measurements were different from those of autopsy studies, we should consider the effects of preservation and fixation solution on autopsy eyes, race, and the differences among measurement instruments.

Photodynamic Therapy with Vertepofin for Short Time for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical results of short duration photodynamic therapy (PDT) using verteporfin in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: We retrospectively examined 15 eyes after PDT for chronic central serous chorioretinopathy. PDT for 83 seconds was evaluated for 8 eyes, and PDT for 60 seconds was evaluated for 7 eyes. Improvement in vision and changes in central macular thickness were evaluated with an optical coherence tomogram (OCT), and improvement in leaking was evaluated with a fluorescein angiogram (FA). Recurrence was also studied. RESULTS: Visual acuity improved from 0.39 to 0.57 (p=0.04), and the mean central macular thickness decreased from 426.29 micrometer to 184.71 micrometer (p<0.01) in 7 eyes treated with PDT for 60 seconds. There was no significant change in visual acuity between the two groups (p=0.77) or in central macular thickness (p=0.52). Central macular exudation resolved completely in all eyes. After PDT, there was no recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Short duration PDT with verteporfin appears to be a beneficial treatment option for patients with chronic CSC.